التعويضات السنية Prosthodontics وتشمل
الجسور الثابتة Fixed bridges والزرعات Implants
الطقوم الكاملة المتحركة removable complete denture
الطقوم الجزئية المتحركة removable partial denture
معالجة و إصلاح الأسنان Operative Dentistry وتشمل:
تشخيص تسوس الأسنان caries diagnosis
الوقايه والحد من انتشار تسوس الاسنان management of dental caries
تبييض الأسنان Dentalbleaching
تجميل الأسنان cosmetic dentistry
حشوات الأسنان Dental Fillings
معالجة لب الأسنان Endodontics
معالجة الأسنان المجهرية microscopic endodontics
طب الأسنان الوقائي Preventive Dentistry
تقويم الأسنان Orthodontics
جراحة الفم والوجه والفكين Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
طب أسنان الأطفال Pedodontics
أمراض اللثة
أمراض الأنسجة المحيطة بالأسنان Periodontics
زراعة الأسنان Dental Implantology
أشعة الأسنان Dental Radiology
طب الأسنان الشرعي Forensic Dentistry
طب الفم Oral Medicine
أمراض الفم Oral Pathology
أنسجة الفم والأسنان Oral Histology
المادة السنية Dental material
تشريح الأسنانDental anatomy
مواضيع متعلقة بطب الأسنان
طب الأسنان للرضع
جراحة الأسنان
أسنان
طقم أسنان
طب الاسنان في الاردن
طب الأسنان في جميع أنحاء العالم

Differential Diagnosis of
Dental Diseases

Preface
Two decades back dental surgery was a growing branch
but now it has grown up well. Previously dental surgeons
used to prefer extraction of tooth but now they are being
paid to save the tooth. In order to achieve they should be
able to assess, diagnose the disease and treat accordingly.
To differentiate two similar dental diseases one should
know the pros and cons of the specific disease which will
help the students and clinicians.
I would like to thank my mentors Drs (Profs) N Sridhar
Shetty and Amita Hegde for the knowledge given to me
by them.
There is always some scope to improve upon and for
that healthier suggestions are always welcome.
I am thankful to Shri Jitendar P Vij, Chairman and
Managing Director, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers,
for giving me the opportunity to write this book.
Priya Verma Gupta

ontents
SECTION 1: DENTAL DISEASES
1. Morphology of Primary Dentition .......................... 3
2. Developmental Disturbances of Teeth ................. 43
3. Pain ............................................................................ 59
4. Pulp ............................................................................ 79
5. Dental Caries .......................................................... 118
6. Dental Stains and Discolorations ........................ 161
7. Gingival Enlargement and its Management ...... 180
8. Halitosis ................................................................... 201
9. Oral Ulcers .............................................................. 216
10. Radiolucencies of Jaw ........................................... 227
11. Diseases of Jaw ....................................................... 246
12. Diseases of Salivary Glands ................................. 251
13. Disorders of Taste .................................................. 268
14. Diseases of Tongue ................................................ 271
15. Diseases of Paranasal Sinuses .............................. 282
16. Endocrine Disorders affecting Oral Cavity ........ 289
17. White and Red Lesions ......................................... 300
18. Benign Neoplasm of Oral Cavity ........................ 316
19. Malignant Neoplasm of Epithelial Tissue .......... 322
20. Sequel of Radiation on Oral Tissues ................... 343
21. Chronic Orofacial Nerve Pain .............................. 346
22. Fever ........................................................................ 349
23. Cheilitis .................................................................... 357
24. Vitamins and Oral Lesions ................................... 360
25. Oral Manifestations of Bleeding Disorders ........ 375
x Differential Diagnosis of Dental Diseases
26. Oral Implications of Medication .......................... 383
27. Oral Changes in Old Age ..................................... 386
28. Syndromes of Oral Cavity .................................... 395
SECTION 2: CAUSES OF SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Anatomic Periapical Radiolucencies ......................... 405
• Anatomic Radiopacities of Mandible ....................... 405
• Anatomic Radiopacities of Maxilla ........................... 406
• Bad Taste ....................................................................... 406
• Bilateral Parotid and Submandibular Swelling ....... 407
• Tumors of The Jaw—Benign ...................................... 407
• Benign Tumors of Oral Soft Tissues .......................... 408
• Bleeding Gums ............................................................. 409
• Halitosis ......................................................................... 410
• Brown Lesions on Lips ................................................ 412
• Burning Sensations in Tongue ................................... 412
• Calculus Formation ..................................................... 413
• Xerostomia .................................................................... 414
• Soft Tissue Growth of Oral Cavity ............................ 414
• Cutaneous Fistulas and Sinuses ................................ 415
• Cysts of Soft Tissues. ................................................... 415
• Delayed Tooth Eruption ............................................. 416
• Developmental Disturbances affecting
Skull, Jaw....................................................................... 417
• Developmental Disturbances affecting Teeth ......... 417
• Diffuse Facial Swelling................................................ 418
• Diseases of Maxillary Sinus ........................................ 419
• Taste Disorder .............................................................. 419
• Disturbances during Formation of
Hard Dental Tissue ...................................................... 420
• Drugs causing Lymphadenopathy............................ 421
Contents xi
• Dry Mouth .................................................................... 421
• Yellow Conditions of Oral Mucosa ........................... 422
• Elevated Lesions on Lip .............................................. 423
• Exophytic Anatomic Structures ................................. 423
• Salivary Gland Pain ..................................................... 424
• Facial Nerve Palsy ....................................................... 425
• Projected Radiopacities of Tooth ............................... 425
• False Periapical Radiopacities .................................... 426
• Nonhemorrhagic Soft Tissue
Growth of Oral Cavity ................................................ 427
• Flushing of Face ........................................................... 428
• General Brownish, Bluish or Black Condition ......... 429
• Generalized Radiopacities .......................................... 429
• Generalized Rarefaction of Jaw Bones ...................... 429
• Generalized Red Conditions and
Multiple Ulceration ..................................................... 430
• Gray/Black Oral Pigmentation.................................. 431
• Headache of Dental Origin......................................... 431
• Headache due to Infections ........................................ 432
• Intraoral Bleeding ........................................................ 432
• Persistent Oral Ulcers .................................................. 432
• Pits of Oral Cavity ........................................................ 433
• Intraoral Brownish, Bluish or Black Conditions...... 433
• Labial/Buccal Mucosa and Vestibular Lesions ....... 434
• Intraoral Sinuses and Fistulas .................................... 435
• Intraoral Soft Tissue Swelling .................................... 435
• Cystic Lesions of Jaw ................................................... 436
• Giant Cell Lesions of Jaw ............................................ 437
• Keratotic White Lesions .............................................. 437
• Lesions around Crown of Impacted Tooth .............. 438
• Midline Lesions of Maxilla ......................................... 439
• Lesions of Facial Skin ..................................................

Abstract
Pain in the orofacial region is a common presenting symptom. The majority of symptoms are related to dental disease and the cause can readily be established, the problem dealt with, and the pain eliminated. However, pain may persist and defy attempts at treatment. Intractable oral or facial pain can be diagnostically challenging. To make a definitive diagnosis and initiate proper treatment, a rigorous protocol for evaluation includes a thorough history and an appropriate comprehensive clinical examination and diagnostic testing, including chief complaint, history of present illness, medical history, physical examination, diagnostic studies, including imaging, and psychosocial evaluation.

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